Mathematical Symbols in Unicode: A Complete Reference

Reference Jan 30, 2024

Table des matières

Mathematics has one of the richest symbol systems of any human activity, and Unicode provides comprehensive coverage — from the basic arithmetic operators you learned in school to specialized notation used in logic, set theory, calculus, and abstract algebra. This reference maps the major Unicode blocks for mathematical symbols, provides categorized tables, and shows how to use math symbols correctly in HTML, CSS, and code.

Unicode Blocks for Mathematical Symbols

Mathematical symbols are spread across several Unicode blocks. Knowing which block a symbol belongs to makes it easier to find using lookup tools.

Core Math Blocks

Block	Range	Size	Primary Content
Mathematical Operators	U+2200–U+22FF	256	Core math operators (∀, ∃, ∈, ∑, ∏, ∂, etc.)
Supplemental Mathematical Operators	U+2A00–U+2AFF	256	Additional operators, large operators, relations
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols	U+1D400–U+1D7FF	996	Bold, italic, script, Fraktur, double-struck variants
Letterlike Symbols	U+2100–U+214F	80	ℕ, ℤ, ℚ, ℝ, ℂ, ℏ, ℓ, ℘, etc.
Number Forms	U+2150–U+218F	64	Fractions (½, ¼, ¾), Roman numerals (Ⅰ–Ⅻ)
Geometric Shapes	U+25A0–U+25FF	96	Squares, circles, triangles used in diagrams

Arrow Blocks

Block	Range	Content
Arrows	U+2190–U+21FF	Standard arrows (→, ↔, ↑, ⇒, ⇔, etc.)
Supplemental Arrows-A	U+27F0–U+27FF	Long arrows, squiggly arrows
Supplemental Arrows-B	U+2900–U+297F	More arrow variants
Supplemental Arrows-C	U+1F800–U+1F8FF	Additional arrows

Miscellaneous Math Blocks

Block	Range	Content
Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A	U+27C0–U+27EF	Curved symbols, angle brackets
Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B	U+2980–U+29FF	More specialized math symbols
Miscellaneous Technical	U+2300–U+23FF	⌈ceiling⌉, ⌊floor⌋, ⌀ diameter, ⊕ direct sum

Arithmetic and Basic Operators

The most frequently used mathematical operators:

Symbol	Code Point	Name	HTML Entity
+	U+002B	PLUS SIGN	`+` or `+`
−	U+2212	MINUS SIGN	`−`
×	U+00D7	MULTIPLICATION SIGN	`×`
÷	U+00F7	DIVISION SIGN	`÷`
±	U+00B1	PLUS-MINUS SIGN	`±`
∓	U+2213	MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN	`∓`
·	U+22C5	DOT OPERATOR	`⋅`
∗	U+2217	ASTERISK OPERATOR	`∗`
∕	U+2215	DIVISION SLASH	`∕`
⁄	U+2044	FRACTION SLASH	`⁄`
=	U+003D	EQUALS SIGN	`=` or `=`
≠	U+2260	NOT EQUAL TO	`≠`
≈	U+2248	ALMOST EQUAL TO	`≈`
≡	U+2261	IDENTICAL TO	`&equiv;`
≢	U+2262	NOT IDENTICAL TO	`≢`
<	U+003C	LESS-THAN SIGN	`<`
>	U+003E	GREATER-THAN SIGN	`>`
≤	U+2264	LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO	`≤`
≥	U+2265	GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO	`≥`
≪	U+226A	MUCH LESS-THAN	`≪`
≫	U+226B	MUCH GREATER-THAN	`≫`
∝	U+221D	PROPORTIONAL TO	`&prop;`

Important: Always use U+2212 MINUS SIGN (−) rather than U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS (-) in mathematical text. They are visually similar but semantically distinct.

Set Theory

Symbol	Code Point	Name	Meaning
∈	U+2208	ELEMENT OF	a ∈ A — "a is an element of A"
∉	U+2209	NOT AN ELEMENT OF	a ∉ A
∋	U+220B	CONTAINS AS MEMBER	A ∋ a
⊂	U+2282	SUBSET OF	A ⊂ B
⊃	U+2283	SUPERSET OF	A ⊃ B
⊆	U+2286	SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO	A ⊆ B
⊇	U+2287	SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO	A ⊇ B
∪	U+222A	UNION	A ∪ B
∩	U+2229	INTERSECTION	A ∩ B
∅	U+2205	EMPTY SET	∅
∖	U+2216	SET MINUS	A ∖ B
△	U+25B3	SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE	A △ B
ℙ(A)	—	Power set	The set of all subsets of A
ℕ	U+2115	DOUBLE-STRUCK N	Natural numbers
ℤ	U+2124	DOUBLE-STRUCK Z	Integers
ℚ	U+211A	DOUBLE-STRUCK Q	Rational numbers
ℝ	U+211D	DOUBLE-STRUCK R	Real numbers
ℂ	U+2102	DOUBLE-STRUCK C	Complex numbers

Logic

Symbol	Code Point	Name	Meaning
¬	U+00AC	NOT SIGN	Logical negation
∧	U+2227	LOGICAL AND	Conjunction
∨	U+2228	LOGICAL OR	Disjunction
⊕	U+2295	CIRCLED PLUS	Exclusive or (XOR)
→	U+2192	RIGHTWARDS ARROW	Implication
↔	U+2194	LEFT RIGHT ARROW	Biconditional (if and only if)
⇒	U+21D2	RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW	Material implication
⇔	U+21D4	LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW	Material biconditional
∀	U+2200	FOR ALL	Universal quantifier
∃	U+2203	THERE EXISTS	Existential quantifier
∄	U+2204	THERE DOES NOT EXIST	Negated existential
∴	U+2234	THEREFORE	Logical conclusion
∵	U+2235	BECAUSE	Logical reason
⊢	U+22A2	RIGHT TACK	Turnstile (provable)
⊨	U+22A8	TRUE	Semantic entailment
⊥	U+22A5	UP TACK	Contradiction / falsehood
⊤	U+22A4	DOWN TACK	Tautology / truth

Calculus and Analysis

Symbol	Code Point	Name	Usage
∂	U+2202	PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL	Partial derivative ∂f/∂x
∫	U+222B	INTEGRAL	Indefinite/definite integral
∬	U+222C	DOUBLE INTEGRAL	Double integral
∭	U+222D	TRIPLE INTEGRAL	Triple integral
∮	U+222E	CONTOUR INTEGRAL	Line integral around a closed curve
∑	U+2211	N-ARY SUMMATION	Sigma notation ∑ᵢ
∏	U+220F	N-ARY PRODUCT	Product notation ∏ᵢ
√	U+221A	SQUARE ROOT	√x
∛	U+221B	CUBE ROOT	∛x
∜	U+221C	FOURTH ROOT	∜x
∞	U+221E	INFINITY	∞
∇	U+2207	NABLA	Gradient, divergence, curl
ℓ	U+2113	SCRIPT SMALL L	Arc length, mean free path
ℏ	U+210F	PLANCK CONSTANT OVER 2π	Reduced Planck constant
′	U+2032	PRIME	Derivative notation f′(x)
″	U+2033	DOUBLE PRIME	Second derivative f″(x)
‴	U+2034	TRIPLE PRIME	Third derivative
∘	U+2218	RING OPERATOR	Function composition (f ∘ g)
		U+007C	VERTICAL LINE
‖	U+2016	DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE	Norm ‖x‖

Greek Letters Used in Mathematics

Greek letters are the standard notation for many mathematical constants and variables. They live in the Basic Multilingual Plane within the Greek and Coptic block (U+0370–U+03FF):

Symbol	Code Point	Name	Common Math Use
α	U+03B1	GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA	Angles, significance level
β	U+03B2	GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA	Angles, Beta distribution
γ	U+03B3	GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA	Euler–Mascheroni constant
δ	U+03B4	GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA	Small change, Kronecker delta
ε	U+03B5	GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON	Small positive quantity, epsilon-delta
ζ	U+03B6	GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA	Riemann zeta function
η	U+03B7	GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA	Efficiency
θ	U+03B8	GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA	Angles
ι	U+03B9	GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA	Ordinal notation
κ	U+03BA	GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA	Curvature
λ	U+03BB	GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMBDA	Eigenvalues, wavelength
μ	U+03BC	GREEK SMALL LETTER MU	Mean, micro- prefix
ν	U+03BD	GREEK SMALL LETTER NU	Frequency
ξ	U+03BE	GREEK SMALL LETTER XI	Random variable
π	U+03C0	GREEK SMALL LETTER PI	Ratio of circumference to diameter
ρ	U+03C1	GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO	Density, correlation
σ	U+03C3	GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA	Standard deviation, summation
τ	U+03C4	GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU	Tau (2π), time constant
φ	U+03C6	GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI	Golden ratio, angle
χ	U+03C7	GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI	Chi distribution
ψ	U+03C8	GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI	Wave function
ω	U+03C9	GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA	Angular frequency, ordinal
Γ	U+0393	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA	Gamma function
Δ	U+0394	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA	Change, Laplacian
Θ	U+0398	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA	Asymptotic bounds
Λ	U+039B	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA	Diagonal matrix of eigenvalues
Π	U+03A0	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI	Product notation
Σ	U+03A3	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA	Summation notation
Φ	U+03A6	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI	Normal distribution CDF
Ψ	U+03A8	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI	Wave function (quantum)
Ω	U+03A9	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA	Ohm, asymptotic lower bound

Note: U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA and U+2126 OHM SIGN are both rendered as Ω but are different code points. Use U+2126 when the meaning is specifically the unit of electrical resistance; use U+03A9 in mathematical contexts.

LaTeX to Unicode Mapping

For developers migrating from LaTeX to Unicode, or building systems that need to convert between the two:

LaTeX	Unicode	Symbol
`\forall`	U+2200	∀
`\exists`	U+2203	∃
`\in`	U+2208	∈
`\notin`	U+2209	∉
`\subset`	U+2282	⊂
`\subseteq`	U+2286	⊆
`\cup`	U+222A	∪
`\cap`	U+2229	∩
`\emptyset`	U+2205	∅
`\infty`	U+221E	∞
`\partial`	U+2202	∂
`\nabla`	U+2207	∇
`\int`	U+222B	∫
`\sum`	U+2211	∑
`\prod`	U+220F	∏
`\sqrt{x}`	U+221A	√
`\approx`	U+2248	≈
`\equiv`	U+2261	≡
`\neq`	U+2260	≠
`\leq`	U+2264	≤
`\geq`	U+2265	≥
`\ll`	U+226A	≪
`\gg`	U+226B	≫
`\times`	U+00D7	×
`\div`	U+00F7	÷
`\pm`	U+00B1	±
`\cdot`	U+22C5	⋅
`\neg`	U+00AC	¬
`\land`	U+2227	∧
`\lor`	U+2228	∨
`\Rightarrow`	U+21D2	⇒
`\Leftrightarrow`	U+21D4	⇔
`\therefore`	U+2234	∴
`\because`	U+2235	∵

Using Math Symbols in HTML and CSS

Direct Unicode characters

The cleanest approach in modern HTML is to use math symbols directly as Unicode characters, with the document declared as UTF-8:

<meta charset="UTF-8">
<p>The area of a circle is A = πr²</p>
<p>For all ε > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that...</p>

HTML numeric entities

When you cannot use UTF-8 directly, or for clarity in source code:

&forall;x &isin; &#x211D;: x &ge; 0 &rArr; &radic;x &isin; &#x211D;
<!-- ∀x ∈ ℝ: x ≥ 0 ⇒ √x ∈ ℝ -->

CSS content property

For inserting math symbols as CSS-generated content (use sparingly — screen readers may not handle this well):

.definition::before {
  content: '\2200';  /* ∀ */
}
.proof-end::after {
  content: '\220E';  /* ∎ QED square */
}

MathML

For complex mathematical expressions, MathML is the semantically correct choice and is now supported natively in all major browsers:

<math>
  <mrow>
    <msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>π</mi></mrow></msup>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
</math>

When to use math fonts

For display mathematics with proper spacing and sizing, consider loading a mathematical font. The STIX Two Math and Latin Modern Math fonts provide extensive coverage of the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block (U+1D400–U+1D7FF), which includes bold, italic, script, Fraktur, and double-struck variants of every letter.

Use the SymbolFYI Symbol Table tool to browse the Mathematical Operators block visually, and the Unicode Lookup tool to find any specific symbol by name or description.